1、基本概念
我們生活在一個(gè)物質(zhì)的世界中。世間所有的物質(zhì)都包含了化學(xué)和物理特性,我們是通過對物質(zhì)的表觀性質(zhì)來了解和表述物質(zhì)的自有特性和運(yùn)動(dòng)特性。這些表觀性質(zhì)就是我們常說的質(zhì)量、溫度、速度、壓力、電壓、電流等用數(shù)學(xué)語言表述的物理量,在自控領(lǐng)域稱為工程量。這種表述的優(yōu)點(diǎn)是直觀、容易理解。在電動(dòng)傳感技術(shù)出現(xiàn)之前,傳統(tǒng)的檢測儀器可以直接顯示被測量的物理量,其中也包括機(jī)械式的電動(dòng)儀表。
2、標(biāo)準(zhǔn)信號
在電動(dòng)傳感器時(shí)代,中央控制成為可能,這就需要檢測信號的遠(yuǎn)距離傳送。但是紛繁復(fù)雜的物理量信號直接傳送會(huì)大大降低儀表的適用性。而且大多傳感器屬于弱信號型,遠(yuǎn)距離傳送很容易出現(xiàn)衰減、干擾的問題。因此才出現(xiàn)了二次變送器和標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的電傳送信號。二次變送器的作用就是將傳感器的信號放大成為符合工業(yè)傳輸標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的電信號,如0-5V、0-10V或4-20mA(其中用得最多的是4-20mA)。而變送器通過對放大器電路的零點(diǎn)遷移以及增益調(diào)整,可以將標(biāo)準(zhǔn)信號準(zhǔn)確的對應(yīng)于物理量的被檢測范圍,如0-100℃或-10-100℃等等。這是用硬件電路對物理量進(jìn)行數(shù)學(xué)變換。中央控制室的儀表將這些電信號驅(qū)動(dòng)機(jī)械式的電壓表、電流表就能顯示被測的物理量。對于不同的量程范圍,只要更換指針后面的刻度盤就可以了。更換刻度盤不會(huì)影響儀表的根本性質(zhì),這就給儀表的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化、通用性和規(guī)模化生產(chǎn)帶來的無可限量的好處。
3、數(shù)字化儀表
到了數(shù)字化時(shí)代,指針式顯示表變成了更直觀、更精確的數(shù)字顯示方式。在數(shù)字化儀表中,這種顯示方式實(shí)際上是用純數(shù)學(xué)的方式對標(biāo)準(zhǔn)信號進(jìn)行逆變換,成為大家習(xí)慣的物理量表達(dá)方式。這種變換就是依靠軟件做數(shù)學(xué)運(yùn)算。這些運(yùn)算可能是線性方程,也可能是非線性方程,現(xiàn)在的電腦對這些運(yùn)算是易如反掌。
4、信號變換中的數(shù)學(xué)問題
信號的變換需要經(jīng)過以下過程:物理量-傳感器信號-標(biāo)準(zhǔn)電信號-A/D轉(zhuǎn)換-數(shù)值顯示。
聲明:為簡單起見,我們在此討論的是線性的信號變換。同時(shí)略過傳感器的信號變換過程。 假定物理量為A,范圍即為A0-Am,實(shí)時(shí)物理量為X;標(biāo)準(zhǔn)電信號是B0-Bm,實(shí)時(shí)電信號為Y;A/D轉(zhuǎn)換數(shù)值為C0-Cm,實(shí)時(shí)數(shù)值為Z。
如此,B0對應(yīng)于A0,Bm對應(yīng)于Am,Y對應(yīng)于X,及Y=f(X)。由于是線性關(guān)系,得出方程式為Y=(Bm-B0)*(X-A0)/(Am-A0)+B0。又由于是線性關(guān)系,經(jīng)過A/D轉(zhuǎn)換后的數(shù)學(xué)方程Z=f(X)可以表示為Z=(Cm-C0)*(X-A0)/(Am-A0)+C0。那么就很容易得出逆變換的數(shù)學(xué)方程為X=(Am-A0)*(Z-C0)/(Cm-C0)+A0。方程中計(jì)算出來的X就可以在顯示器上直接表達(dá)為被檢測的物理量。
5、PLC中逆變換的計(jì)算方法
以S7-200和4-20mA為例,經(jīng)A/D轉(zhuǎn)換后,我們得到的數(shù)值是6400-32000,及C0=6400,Cm=32000。于是,X=(Am-A0)*(Z-6400)/(32000-6400)+A0。 例如某溫度傳感器和變送器檢測的是-10-60℃,用上述的方程表達(dá)為 X=70*(Z-6400)/25600-10。經(jīng)過PLC的數(shù)學(xué)運(yùn)算指令計(jì)算后,HMI可以從結(jié)果寄存器中讀取并直接顯示為工程量。
用同樣的原理,我們可以在HMI上輸入工程量,然后由軟件轉(zhuǎn)換成控制系統(tǒng)使用的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化數(shù)值。
在S7-200中,(Z-6400)/25600的計(jì)算結(jié)果是非常重要的數(shù)值。這是一個(gè)0-1.0(100%)的實(shí)數(shù),可以直接送到PID指令(不是指令向?qū)В┑臋z測值輸入端。PID指令輸出的也是0-1.0的實(shí)數(shù),通過前面的計(jì)算式的反計(jì)算,可以轉(zhuǎn)換成6400-32000,送到D/A端口變成4-20mA輸出。
以上講述的是PLC中工程量轉(zhuǎn)換的基本方法,程序的編寫則因人、因事而異。但是萬變不離其衷。如果大家感興趣,我可以給出自己編寫的程序供大家參考,同時(shí)也希望各位網(wǎng)友不吝賜教、互相交流。
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資訊來源:漳州鼎晟達(dá)自動(dòng)化設(shè)備有限公司
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